- Encryption: The process of converting data into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access. Encryption should be applied to data at rest (stored data) and data in transit (data being transmitted).
- Access Controls: Mechanisms that restrict access to data based on user roles and permissions. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) and role-based access control (RBAC) are common methods.
- Data Masking and Anonymization: Techniques to protect sensitive data by obscuring or removing identifiable information. Useful in minimizing exposure of sensitive data during development, testing, or sharing with third parties.
- Regular Audits and Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of data access and usage patterns to detect and respond to suspicious activities. Regular audits help ensure compliance with data security policies and regulatory requirements.
- Security Training and Awareness: Educating employees and stakeholders about data security best practices and potential threats. Training programs can significantly reduce the risk of human error and insider threats.